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交通安全対策トップ普及啓発国際シンポジウム > 報告書

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キックオフ・ミーティング

Discussion B
第二分科会


Road and Traffic Safety
交通安全と道路


Profile of Moderator and Panelists

Moderator:Dr. Yasunori Iida
Panelist:Mr. Fred Wegman
Panelist:Dr. Hiroshi Matsui
Panelist:Dr. Hisashi Kubota

Abstract of Lecture and Powerpoint Slides

Lecturer: Mr. Fred Wegman


Yasunori Iida

Date and Place of Birth: 01/October/1941, Kobe, Japan
Nationality :Japan
Present Position: Professor of Kyoto University, Department. of Urban Management
Professional Qualifications:
・July/1972, Doctor of Engineering of Kyoto University
・March/1966, Master of Science of Kyoto University
・March /19, Bachelor of Kyoto University

Awards:
・May/1988 The award of JSTE (Japan Society of Traffic Engineers) for the distinguished paper
・May/1992 The award of JSTE (Japan Society of Civil Engineers) for the distinguished paper

Work Experience:
・May/1985 to date: Professor of Kyoto University
・March/1980 to April/1985 :Professor of Kanazawa University, Department of Civil Engineering, Japan
・July/1972 to February/1980: Associate Professor of Kanazawa University, Japan
・October/1970 to June/1972 Lecturer: of Kanazawa University, Japan
・June/1967 to September/1970: Research Associate of Kyoto University

Main Research Fields:
Traffic Engineering, in particular, Network Flow Analysis, Traffic Management
Systems, Traffic Demand Estimation and Transportation Network Reliability.

Current Professional Activities:
・Board Member of Directors of JSCE (Japan Society of Civil Engineers)
・Vice Chairman of JSTE (Japan Society of Traffic Engineers)
・Editorial Advisory Board Member for "Transportation Research, Part C"
・Chairman of the Research Committee for Enhancement of VICS
  (Vehicle Information and Communication Systems) in Japan
・Executive Advisory Member of VICS in Japan
・Special Advisor for UTMS (Universal Transportation Management Systems) in Japan

Main Publications:
a. Books
1. M. G. H. Bell and Y. Iida: The Network Reliability of Transport, Pergamon, 2003.
2. M. G. H. Bell and Y. Iida Transportation Network Analysis, John Wiley & Sons,1997.
3. Y Iida et al.: Traffic Engineering, Kokumin-Kagakusha, 1992, (in Japanese).


飯田 恭敬

京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻
交通マネージメント工学講座(交通情報工学分野)教授

1941年 生まれ
1964年 京都大学工学部卒業
1966年 京都大学大学院工学研究科修士課程修了
1970年 金沢大学工学部講師
1972年 金沢大学工学部助教授
1980年 金沢大学工学部教授
1985年 京都大学工学部教授
1996年 京都大学大学院工学研究科教授

専門は交通工学

著書は「交通工学」(国民科学社)等



Fred Wegman

Education:
1972 Technical University Delft
MSc. Civil engineering, traffic engineering

Employment record:
1972 - 1974 Service in Dutch army
1974 - 1977 Traffic engineer Municipality of Amsterdam
Responsible for projects in the following areas: design of infrastructure and road safety, safety of vulnerable road users, safety of public transport, data-collection and analysis.

1977 - Present SWOV Institute for Road Safety Research


フレッド・ヴェーグマン

学歴
1972年デルフト工科大学
理学修士(土木工学、交通エンジニアリング)

職歴
1972〜1974年 オランダ陸軍で兵役

1974〜1977年 アムステルダム市役所交通エンジニア
インフラストラクチャーの設計および交通安全、交通弱者の安全性、公共交通機関の安全性、データ収集および分析の各分野におけるプロジェクトを担当

1977年〜現在 道路安全研究所(SWOV)



Hiroshi Matsui

Position:
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering. Faculty of Science and Technology, Meijo University, Professor Emeritus, Nagoya Institute of Technology

Degree: Doctor of Engineering from Kyoto University

Date of birth: April 10, 1941

Education:
Completed the Master course,
Graduate School of Engineering. Kyoto University in 1966

Positions held since graduation:
1966: Research associate, Kyoto University
1968: Assistant Professor, Nagoya Institute of Technology
1974: Associate Professor, Nagoya Institute of Technology
1983: Professor, Nagoya Institute of Technology
2002: Professor, Meijo University
2002: Professor Emeritus, Nagoya Institute of Technology

Specialties: Transportation Engineering, Urban Planning


松井 寛

名城大学理工学部建設システム工学科教授
名古屋工業大学名誉教授

1941年 生まれ
1966年 京都大学大学院工学研究科土木工学専攻修士課程終了
1996年 京都大学工学部助手
1998年 名古屋工業大学講師
1974年 京都大学より工学博士の学位授与
1974年 名古屋工業大学助教授
1983年 名古屋工業大学教授
2002年 名城大学理工学部教授。名古屋工業大学名誉教授。

専門は交通工学、都市計画
著書は「交通ネットワークの均衡分析」(土木学会)等



Hisashi Kubota

Born in Yokohama, 1958.
B.Eng., Dept. of Civil Eng., Yokohama National University (1982)
M. Eng., Dept. of Urban Eng., University of Tokyo (1984)
Dr Eng., Dept of Urban Eng., University of Tokyo (1988)
Research Associate, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Eng., Saitama University (1988)
Associate Professor, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University(1997)

Specialties; Traffic Calming, Urban Transportation Planning


久保田 尚

埼玉大学大学院助教授

1958年 生まれ
1982年 横浜国立大学工学部土木工学科卒業
1984年 東京大学大学院工学系研究科都市工学修士課程修了
1988年 東京大学大学院工学系研究科都市工学博士課程修了。工学博士。埼玉大学工学部助手。
1989年 埼玉大学工学部専任講師
1992年 埼玉大学工学部助教授
1997年 埼玉大学大学院理工学研究科助教授

専門は地区交通計画、都市交通計画

著書は「都市交通計画」(技報堂)等



Fewer crashes and fewer casualties by safer roads Fred Wegman

Abstract

Human errors play a vital role in road crashes. This presentation deals with the prevention of human errors by proper road planning, design and renovation/maintenance: road safety considerations must play an explicit role in decision making in all three these areas.

In road planning, a road safety assessment should be made in order to take road safety transparently into consideration. Such a road safety assessment takes into account traffic volumes and traffic risks per road type in a road network. The road safey assessment is made parallel to other impact assessments.

In decisions on road design and renovation/maintenance cost-effectiveness calculations should be taken into account. Moreover, a targeted minimum safety level is agreed upon between road authorities in the Netherlands. We call this 'sustainable safety'. This concept focuses on three design principles: functionality, predictability, and homogeneity. These principles will be introduced briefly in this presentation.

If we implement this concept, we expect to build a consideribly safer road traffic system by reducing human errors and eliminating 'preventable crashes'. Of course public support needs to be created in order to get this challenging concept implemented and accepted by the population. Integration with other road safety policies is considered crucial.


Fewer crashes and fewer casualties by safer roads

Fred Wegman
SWOV Institute for Road Safety Research
The Netherlands


Where we are…

map


Four succesful countries in the past

figure


The History of Road Safety


The History of Road Safety


…just one accident

  • 18 years old
  • Just passed his driving test
  • Saturday night
  • Drives his friends home
  • …from a disco
  • Windy dyke
  • It’s raining
  • Misjudges a bend
  • Drives too fast
  • Trees alongside the road

Cause?

  • A young, inexperienced driver
  • Driving at night
  • In the rain
  • With inappropriate speed
  • An unexpected sharp bend
  • Bold tyres
  • Trees in a bend

  • Don’t look for one single cause or one culprit!

New road safety paradigm

  • Human errors are and will always be made
  • Making human errors less likely by:
    • Eliciting the desired/safe behaviour
    • Making undesired error less likely
  • Forgiving to human error by:
    • Providing an opportunity to correct an error
  • Reducing the consequences once a crash has become inevitable by system design based on ‘human tolerance’

Structure of the presentation

  • Safety quality of roads
  • Assessment of the safety quality
  • Safety effects of improving roads
  • Dutch vision: Sustainable safety

Safety quality of roads: indicators

  • Frequency of crashes
  • Exposure to risk: ‘crash rates’

How to explain differences in fatality risks per road type?

figure


Safety quality of roads: indicators

  • Frequency of crashes
  • Exposure to risk: “crash rates”
  • Safety performance function

Road safety engineering

  • Safety conscious planning
  • Safety conscious design

    Aiming at:
  • Minimizing exposure
  • Minimizing crash risk
  • Minimizing injury risk

Safety conscious planning

  • Land use planning
  • Route management
  • Access management

Safety conscious planning: land use planning

  • Minimize exposure:
    • Efficient land use
    • Efficient networks:
      • Shortest routes coincide with safest routes
      • Alternative modes
  • Minimize crash risk:
    • Functionality
  • Minimize injury risk:
    • Speeds

Safety conscious design

  • The design characteristics are consistent with the road’s function (through or distributor or access) and elicit the appropriate behaviour
  • Apply ‘design consistency’ along a particular stretch of road
  • Use ‘available knowledge’

Assessing the safety quality

  • On existing roads, traditionally:
    • Black spot approach
    • Road safety inspections

Black spot approach

  • Effective at all?
    • New developments
      USA: SafetyAnalyst Network Screening Tool identifies ‘sites with promise’
    • Europe: EuroRAP
      Risk rate maps

Road safety inspections

  • Attractive, because cheap!
  • More advanced:
    • Europe: Road Protection Score

Assessing the safety quality

  • Of new designs
    • Road safety impact assessment (RIA)
    • Road safety audit (RSA)
  • Aim:with formal procedure by independent experts make an assessment of:
    • Major changes over road network (RIA)
    • Designs for constructing new roads, traffic operation plans (and modifying existing roads) (RSA)
  • Transparancy in decision making

Safety effects of improving roads

  • High quality implementation of ‘basic’ road safety actions
  • Low-cost engineering measures
  • Safe road sides
  • Speed management (limits, engineering measures, enforcement)
  • Take into account country-specific problems and conditions (the Netherlands: cyclists, motorized two-wheelers)

High quality implementation of ‘basic’ road safety actions

photograph


Low-cost engineering measures

photograph


Safe road sides

photograph


Speed management: limits

photograph


Speed management: engineering

photograph


Speed management: enforcement

photograph


Country-specific problems

photograph


The SUNflower study


Effects in SUNflower countries:1980-2000


Saving in fatalities between 1980-2000 attributed to each source
SwedenBritainNetherlands
Vehicle safety, seat belts,drinking and driving 48%54%46%
Local road engineering 4%10%5%
Other vulnerable road users-related measures 38%29%31%
Other car occupant measures 10%7%18%
Total 100%100%100%


Plans in SUNflower-countries 2000-2010


Percentage of total savings in each country
SwedenBritainNetherlands
Vehicle improvements 20 (including ITS contribution) 35 (including improved motorcycle helmets) 26 (including ITS contribution)
Road engineering and speed management 59 (including traffic control) 4450
Behaviour excluding speed enforcement 15 (novice drivers, enforcement) 16 (novice drivers, drinking drivers, high mileage drivers) 24 (novice drivers, enforcement)
Other measures 6 (emergency care) 5 (child safety) -


Sustainable safety: the Vision

  • Sustainable development (UN Brundtland Commission) adapted to road traffic safety:
  • We do not wish to hand over to the next generation a road traffic system in which - inevitably - a road accident toll as today has to be expected

Aim of sustainable safety

  • Drastically reduce the probability of accidents in advance by means of infrastructural design
  • Where accidents still occur: influence the accident process to virtually exclude severe injury

Sustainable safe traffic system has

  • Proper road design adapted to limitations of human capacity
  • Vehicles which simplify driving tasks and protect the vulnerable human being
  • Road users who are adequately educated,informed and, if necessary, controlled

Functional road classification

  • Identify for all roads in network three functions
    • flow function
    • distributor function
    • access function
  • Road hierarchy according to functions
  • Attune: function - design (speed limits) - behaviour (driving speed)

Road classification

Flow functionphotograph
Distributor functionphotograph
Access functionphotograph


Road classification plans

figure


Recognizable layout: simple


Flow Distributor road Access
Outside Built-up areas photograph photograph photograph
Inside Built-up areas
photograph photograph


Sustainable Safety: The Implementation

  • Implementation requires full co-operation of all stakeholders
  • Stakeholders were involved in developing the vision and its implementation
  • Agreement between stakeholders on a ‘Start-up Programme’ 1997-2002

Sustainable Safety: the Dutch approach

  • Synergy between vision and implementation strategy
  • Combination of economical appraisal and political decision making
  • Special emphasis on ‘delivery of action plans’ (Start-up Programme)

Results and effects?

  • Support of almost 100% of stakeholders
  • Considerable investments, for example:
    • Implementing 30 km/h (50% of total length) and 60 km/h zones
    • Mopeds from cycle path to carriageway
    • Roundabouts

Risks (fatalities/motorized vehicle kilometre) 1962 - 2001

PeriodAnnual risk reduction
1962-2001-6,5%
1962-1973-5,5%
1973-1985-9,2%
1985-2001-5,6%
  1985-1990  -4,6%
  1990-1995  -2,9%
  1995-2001   -7,7%


Explanations for successful implementation?

  • Vision + road safety targets + delivery mechanisms
  • Two possible areas:
    • Sustainable safe road infrastructure
    • Intensified police enforcement (esp. speed management)

Sustainable safety: next?

  • Prolonging effective partnerships (until 2010)
  • Designing Next Generation of Sustainable Safety

    photograph


Thank you very much


Arigato




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